Topics list "Phenomenology of Galaxies"

These topics are approached from the context of galaxy evolution.

> Background:
    - spectra, flux, magnitudes, colour indices, HR diagram, metallicity
    - measuring distance, small angle formula, frames of reference, doppler shift, coordinates

> Overview of  Galaxy Classification
    - Hubble Sequence; deVaucoleurs-Hubble Sequence 
    - What are Galaxies; how do they form and evolve?
    - Diameters, Masses

   
Course Topics: 

> Luminosity Function for galaxies:
    - spectral energy distribution (examples from NED).
    - Luminosity Function
    - L* galaxies; M* galaxies
    - (Malmquist bias)
    - stellar mass-to-light ratio

> Photometry of Spirals:
    - Surface Brightness 
    - shapes and density structure, e.g. bulge and disk
    - luminosity profiles, e.g. exponential disk formula.
    
> Photometry of Ellipticals:
    - shapes and line-of-sight velocity distributions
    - luminosity profiles; Sersic's formula; cusp versus core

> Globular Clusters: ubiquitous fossils of evolution

> Interstellar Medium:
> Neutral Hydrogen:
         - galaxian diameter
         - Specific Intensity
         - Optical Depth
         - Spin Temperature vs. Kinetic Temperature
         - Column Density
         - Mass
> Molecular Gas:
     - CO, H_2 (conversions)
     - estimates of amount of molecular hydrogen

> Data and analysis tools:
     - position-velocity plots c.f. rotation curves
     - intensity profiles
     - how these give the column density and dynamical mass

> Dark Matter
         - Tully-Fisher Relation
	 - rotation curves and mass modelling
         - mass-to-light ratio for galaxies, groups, etc.
	 - gravitational lensing

> Early Type Galaxies, Rotation and Pseudo-bulges.

> Interactions and Mergers
    - tidal features
    - Toomre Merger Sequence

> Starburst and Active Galactic Nuclei 

> Structure of galaxies at radio wavelengths
     - synchrotron and free-free continuum emission
     - formation of Radio Halos

> Galaxy Evolution:
  -  star formation rate; star formation vs. quenching
  -  SFR* galaxies
  -  The Galaxy Main Sequence
  -  Secular Evolution
  -  Compare modes: secular versus mergers.

> Milky Way Galaxy
  - structure
  - rotation and position-velocity diagram
  - tangent point method
  - satellites and fossils

> Large Scale Structure of the Universe
  - using galaxies as tracers 
  - Hubble Law and the expansion of the universe; acceleration. 
  - cosmic web
       -- lensing and shear
       -- evolution (polar rings; disks after mergers)

> More peculiar galaxies
  - green peas; A+E galaxies; blazars; tadpoles